Comparing Video Analysis to Computerized Detection of Limb Position for the Diagnosis of Movement Control during Back Squat Exercise with Overload.

Incorrect limb position while lifting heavy weights might compromise athlete success during weightlifting performance, similar to the way that it increases the risk of muscle injuries during resistance exercises, regardless of the individual's level of experience. However, practitioners might not have the necessary background knowledge for self-supervision of limb position and adjustment of the lifting position when improper movement occurs. Therefore, the computerized analysis of movement patterns might assist people in detecting changes in limb position during exercises with different loads or enhance the analysis of an observer with expertise in weightlifting exercises. In this study, hidden Markov models (HMMs) were employed to automate the detection of joint position and barbell trajectory during back squat exercises. Ten volunteers performed three lift movements each with a 0, 50, and 75% load based on body weight. A smartphone was used to record the movements in the sagittal plane, providing information for the analysis of variance and identifying significant position changes by video analysis (p < 0.05). Data from individuals performing the same movements with no added weight load were used to train the HMMs to identify changes in the pattern. A comparison of HMMs and human experts revealed between 40% and 90% agreement, indicating the reliability of HMMs for identifying changes in the control of movements with added weight load. In addition, the results highlighted that HMMs can detect changes imperceptible to the human visual analysis.

Research Trends in the Effect of Caffeine Intake on Fat Oxidation: A Bibliometric and Visual Analysis.

In the last few decades, numerous studies pertaining to research groups worldwide have investigated the effects of oral caffeine intake on fat oxidation at rest, during exercise, and after exercise. However, there is no bibliometric analysis to assess the large volume of scientific output associated with this topic. A bibliometric analysis of this topic may be used by researchers to assess the current scientific interest in the application of caffeine as a nutritional strategy to augment fat oxidation, the journals with more interest in this type of publication, and to draw international collaborations between groups working in the same area. For these reasons, the purpose of this study was to assess the research activity regarding oral caffeine intake and fat oxidation rate in the last few decades by conducting a bibliometric and visual analysis. Relevant publications from 1992 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database. Quantitative and qualitative variables were collected, including the number of publications and citations, H-indexes, journals of citation reports, co-authorship, co-citation, and the co-occurrence of keywords. There were 182 total publications, while the number of annual publications is saw-shaped with a modest increase of 11.3% from 2000 to 2009 to 2010 to 2019. The United States was the country with the highest number of publications (24.17% of the total number of articles), followed by the Netherlands (17.03%). According to citation analyses, the average number of citations per document is 130, although there are 21 documents that have received more than 100 citations; the most cited document reached 644 citations. These citation data support the overall relevance of this topic in the fields of nutrition and dietetics and sport sciences that when combined harbored 85.71% of all articles published in the WoS. The most productive author was Westerterp-Plantenga with 16 articles (8.79% of the total number of articles). Nutrients was the journal that published the largest number of articles on this topic (6.59% of the total number of articles). Last, there is a tendency to include keywords such as "performance", "carbohydrate", and "ergogenic aid" in the newer articles, while "obesity", "thermogenic", and "tea" are the keywords more commonly included in older documents. Although research into the role of caffeine on fat oxidation has existed since the 1970s, our analysis suggests that the scientific output associated with this topic has progressively increased since 1992, demonstrating that this is a nutritional research area with a strong foundational base of scientific evidence. Based on the findings of this bibliometric analysis, future investigation may consider focusing on the effects of sex and tolerance to caffeine to widen the assessment of the effectiveness of oral caffeine intake as a nutritional strategy to augment the use of fat as a fuel, as these terms rarely appear in the studies included in this analysis. Additionally, more translational research is necessary as the studies that investigate the effect of oral caffeine intake in ecologically valid contexts (i.e., exercise training programs for individuals with excessive adiposity) are only a minor part of the studies on this topic.

Analysis of the External and Internal Load in Professional Basketball Players.

The quantification of the external load and internal load of professional players is of vital importance since it provides a great deal of information on the state of the physical condition of athletes during competition and training. The aim of the present study was to quantify the external load and internal load of the players of a first level team of the Spanish basketball league for two weeks corresponding to the pre-season 2022/2023. Seventeen load variables were analyzed and organized into kinematics external load, neuromuscular external load, and internal load. All variables were normalized to the same time unit (minute). For this purpose, all training sessions were monitored using inertial devices. The results show significant differences in the external load and internal load variables depending on the task performed and the specific position. Each type of task provokes different responses in the players, with Full Game situations producing the highest values in the kinematic external load variables (p < 0.05). The selection of each type of task must be adjusted to the physical and technical-tactical objective to be developed. Despite the general work carried out in the pre-season, the centers are the players who bear the greatest internal load in this period. For this reason, it is necessary to individualize the training processes from the pre-season.

Body Composition Relationship to Performance, Cardiorespiratory Profile, and Tether Force in Youth Trained Swimmers.

This study sought to analyze the relationship between regional body composition, swimming performance, and aerobic and force profile determined through tethered swimming in well-trained swimmers. Eleven male and five female swimmers were involved in the study and underwent the following evaluations: (1) body composition, assessed by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method (DXA); (2) swimming performance, determined for 200, 400, 800, and 1.500 m front-crawl swimming; (3) a tethered swimming force test to determine maximum and mean force (Fmax and Fmean); and (4) an incremental tethered swimming test for the aerobic profile determination of the swimmers. Oxygen uptake (VO2) was directly measured by an automatic and portable system (K4b2 Cosmed, Italy). The fat-free mass (lean mass + bone mineral content, LM+BMC) in lower and upper limbs (UL_LM+BMC: 6.74 ± 1.57 kg and LL_LM+BMC: 20.15 ± 3.84 kg) positively correlated with all indexes of aerobic conditioning level, showing higher coefficients to the indexes representing the ability to perform at high aerobic intensities (VO2max: 49.2 ± 5.9 mL·kg-1·min-1 and respiratory compensation point (RCP): 43.8 ± 6.0 mL·kg-1·min-1), which attained 0.82 and 0.81 (with VO2max), 0.81 and 0.80 (with RCP). The S200 (1.48 ± 0.13 m·s-1) was significantly correlated to Trunk_LM+BMC (r = 0.74), UL_LM+BMC (r = 0.72), Total_LM+BMC (r = 0.71), and LL_LM+BMC (r = 0.64). This study highlights that regional body composition plays an important role in swimming, and body segment analysis should be considered instead of the total body. Tethered swimming may represent a useful method for force and aerobic assessment, aiming at training control and performance enhancement.

Analysis of individual performance indicators of football goalkeeper

One of the most widely used strategies for performance analysis in different sports is notational analysis through direct observation of technical-tactical actions, which allows to understand the main indicators of sporting performance of the players, both individually and collectively. Football goalkeepers (GKs) are involved in the game differently when compared to the rest of the players in the team and, therefore, they develop different high-level and high-intensity tactical-technical actions. Therefore, the present work aimed to analyse the different performance indicators of football GKs through a search in the following databases: Web of Science (WOS), Scopus (Elsevier), PubMed (NIH) and, SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), until February 2023. The following keywords were used: "Football" or "Soccer", "Goalkeeper" and "Performance analysis". The results show that the main performance indicators are the percentage of avoided goals, the distribution of the ball at the goal kick as well as the number of offensive and defensive actions. Therefore, training sessions should be planned and implemented aimming to improve these skills. (AU)

Una de las estrategias más utilizadas para analizar el rendimiento en diferentes modalidades deportivas, es el análisis notacional a través de la observación directa de las acciones técnico-tácticas, lo que permite conocer los principales indicadores de rendimiento deportivo de los jugadores, tanto individual como colectivamente. Los porteros de fútbol tienen una involucración en el juego diferente comparativamente al resto de los jugadores del equipo, y, por ende, desarrollan diferentes acciones táctico-técnicas de alto nivel y de alta intensidad. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo fui a analizar los diferentes indicadores de rendimiento de los porteros de fútbol mediante una búsqueda en las bases de datos: Web of Science (WOS), Scopus (Elsevier), PubMed (NIH) y SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), hasta febrero del 2023. Para ello, se emplearon las siguientes palabras claves, “Football” o “Soccer”, “Goalkeeper” y “Performance analysis”. Los resultados muestran como los principales indicadores de rendimiento son el porcentaje de goles evitados, la distribución del balón en el saque de portería, así como el número de acciones ofensivas y defensivas. Por tanto, se deben planificar e implementar sesiones de entrenamiento para la mejora de dichas habilidades. (AU)

Effects of Exercise and Sports Intervention and the Involvement Level on the Mineral Health of Different Bone Sites in the Leg, Hip, and Spine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The current study analysed whether the osteogenic stimuli of exercises and sports have an independent effect on bone mineral density (BMD). Studies with a design having two different cohorts were searched and selected to distinguish the effect due to long-term involvement (i.e., athletes vs. non-active young with good bone health) and due to the planning of intervention (i.e., pre- vs. post-training) with exercises and sports. Moreover, only studies investigating the bone sites with a body-weight support function (i.e., lower limb, hip, and spine regions) were reviewed, since the osteogenic effects have incongruous results. A meta-analysis was performed following the recommendations of PRISMA. Heterogeneity (I2) was determined by combining Cochran's Q test with the Higgins test, with a significance level of α = 0.05. The studies reporting the effect of involvement in exercise and sports showed high heterogeneity for the lower limb, total hip, and spine (I2 = 90.200%, 93.334%, and 95.168%, respectively, with p < 0.01) and the effect size on sports modalities (Hedge's g = 1.529, 1.652, and 0.417, respectively, with p < 0.05) ranging from moderate to high. In turn, the studies reporting the effect of the intervention planning showed that there was no heterogeneity for the lower limb (I2 = 0.000%, p = 0.999) and spine (I2 = 77.863%, p = 0.000); however, for the hip, it was moderate (I2 = 49.432%, p = 0.054), with a low effect between the pre- and post-training moments presented only for the hip and spine (Hedge's g = 0.313 and 0.353, respectively, with p < 0.05). The current analysis supported the effect of involvement in exercise and sports by evidencing the effect of either weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing movements on BMD at the femoral, pelvic, and lumbar bones sites of the athletes when comparing to non-athletes or non-active peers with healthy bones. Moreover, the effect of different exercise and sports interventions highlighted the alterations in the BMD in the spine bone sites, mainly with long-term protocols (~12 months) planned with a stimulus with high muscle tension. Therefore, exercise and sport (mainly systematic long-term practice) have the potential to increase the BMD of bones with body-weight support beyond the healthy values reached during life phases of youth and adulthood.

Documents Publication Evolution (1990-2022) Related to Physical Activity and Healthy Habits, a Bibliometric Review.

This research aims to provide an overview of the growing number of scientific literature publications related to Physical Activity and Healthy Habits. A bibliometric analysis between 1990 and 2022 in the Web of Science was carried out, following the bibliometric analysis law, using Microsoft Excel and VosViewer Software for analysis and data processing. A total of 276 documents (262 primary studies and 14 revisions) related to the topic under study were located. The results reveal an exponential growth of scientific production by 48% between 2006 and 2022. Public Environmental Occupational Health, Kaprio, J., and the USA were the knowledge field, author, and country most productive, respectively. A great thematic diversity was found related to the most used keywords by the authors, such as "physical activity", "health habits", "exercise", and "obesity". Thus, the research related to this theme is really in an exponential phase, with great interest in the importance of physical activity and healthy habits, implying practical decisions in policies to develop programs to promote physical activity and healthy habits.

Lower Limb Unilateral and Bilateral Strength Asymmetry in High-Level Male Senior and Professional Football Players.

This study sought to assess the relationship between different jumping asymmetries and associated performance variables in high-level male senior and professional football players. Nineteen football players with at least 12 years of training experience (23.2 ± 3.1 years of age; 75.2 ± 4.8 kg of body mass and 181 ± 0.06 cm of height) participated in this study performing countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), single-leg CMJ and drop jump (DJ), associated performance variable eccentric utilization ratio (EUR), stretch-shortening cycle (SSC), bilateral deficit (BLD), and limb symmetry index (LSI) were determined. High correlations were observed between different methodologies of jump tests and associated performance indicators (SSC, BLD, EUR), except LSI. Moreover, CMJ and SJ results were different (p < 0.05), but no differences were found between interlimb in CMJ (p = 0.19) and DJ (p = 0.14). Between the same limbs and different jumps differences were detected in CMJ and DJ (p < 0.01), and it has also been found that the laterality effect size on strength was small in CMJ (ES = 0.30) and DJ (ES = 0.35). LSI between CMJ and DJ was not different despite higher mean values in CMJ, and although mean BLD was positive (>100%), the results highlight the need for individual evaluation since eight players scored negatively. An in-depth and accurate analysis of performance in preseason screening jump tests should be considered, aiming to detect injury risk, specifically evaluating different jumping test methodologies, and determining jumping associated performance variables for each test, namely EUR, SSC, BLD, and LSI. Specific muscle-strengthening exercises could be implemented based on this study results and outcomes, aiming to reduce injury risks and lower extremity asymmetries and to enhance individual football performance in high-level male senior and professional football players. Sports institutions should pay special attention regarding potential health problems in athletes exposed to daily high training loads.

¿Influye la pandemia del COVID-19 en las redes sociales de eventos no competitivos en edad escolar y adulta? Estudio de caso / Influence of COVID-19 on Social Networks of Non-competitive Events in School and Adult Ages? A Case Study

Resumen Las redes sociales son herramientas para mejorar los eventos deportivos. Por ello, el objetivo principal del presente estudio fue analizar los datos estadísticos de participación e impacto de los medios sociales (Facebook, Twitter e Instagram), del evento deportivo ''Gimnastrada de Extremadura'', y conocer la influencia de la situación de emergencia y confinamiento provocada por la crisis de la COVID-19 en los mismos para la edición prevista del año 2020. Se analizaron los datos de participación e interacción en las redes sociales, entre los periodos 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019 y 2019-2020. Siempre se utilizó la misma estrategia de marketing en todos los medios por internet. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y exploratorio de los datos. Los resultados mostraron que el número de participantes ha aumentado significativamente, así como los seguidores desde la utilización de las redes sociales, siendo las mujeres las principales participantes y seguidoras. La red social Facebook es el medio utilizado principalmente por los usuarios para conocer y difundir la Gimnastrada de Extremadura en edad escolar y adulta. Por tanto, los resultados evidencian la importancia de conocer las interacciones de seguidores en los medios sociales, con la finalidad de planificar nuevas estrategias de marketing online. Además, a pesar de aplazarse el evento previsto para marzo de 2020, como consecuencia de la pandemia COVID-19, los datos estadísticos de las redes sociales del evento van aumentando cada año. Siendo, el momento de publicación del cartel o suspensión del evento, los instantes que reciben el mayor número de interacciones en las redes sociales.

Abstract Social networks are useful and effective as a tool for improving sporting events. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the statistical data of participation and the impact of social media (Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram) of ''Gimnastrada de Extremadura'' (Gymnastics of Extremadura). It also sought to know the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on this sporting event. The study analyzed the participation and interaction data on social networks in the periods 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020. The same marketing strategy was always used in all online media. Therefore, a descriptive and exploratory analysis of the data was performed. The results showed that the number of participants in the event had increased significantly since the use of social networks, with women being the main followers. Facebook was the social medium mainly used by users to know the Gymnastics of Extremadura in school and adult ages. The results also demonstrated the importance of understanding the followers' interactions on social media to plan new online marketing strategies. Besides, even though the event was suspended due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the statistical data of the event's social networks increased every year, and the publication of the poster of the event or its suspension were the moments that received the greatest number of actions on social networks such as Like or Share / Retweet the news.

Resumo As redes sociais são ferramentas para melhorar os eventos esportivos. Portanto, o objetivo principal deste estudo é analisar os dados estatísticos de participação e impacto das mídias sociais (Facebook, Twitter e Instagram), do evento esportivo "Gimnastrada de Extremadura", e conhecer a influência da situação de emergência e confinamento causada pela crise da COVID-19 sobre elas para a edição de 2020. Os dados de participação e interação em redes sociais foram analisados, entre os períodos 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019 e 2019-2020. A mesma estratégia de marketing foi usada em todos os meios de comunicação on-line. Foi feita uma análise descritiva e exploratória dos dados. Os resultados mostraram que o número de participantes aumentou significativamente, assim como os seguidores desde o uso de redes sociais, sendo as mulheres as principais participantes e seguidoras. A rede social Facebook é o meio utilizado principalmente pelos usuários para conhecer e divulgar a ''Gimnastrada de Extremadura'' na idade escolar e adulta. Portanto, os resultados mostram a importância de conhecer as interações dos seguidores nas mídias sociais, a fim de planejar novas estratégias de marketing on-line. Além disso, apesar do adiamento do evento, previsto para março de 2020, causado pela pandemia da COVID-19, as estatísticas da mídia social do evento estão aumentando a cada ano. O momento da publicação do cartaz ou da suspensão do evento são os momentos que recebem o maior número de interações nas redes sociais.

Revisión sistemática de programas de intervención para promover hábitos saludables de actividad física y nutrición en escolares españoles / Systematic review of intervention programmes to promote healthy physical activity and nutrition habits in Spanish school children

Introducción. La obesidad infantil es uno de los problemas de salud pública más graves del siglo XXI, originado porque los niños crecen en un entorno en el que no se fomenta la práctica deportiva. Esto es debido al cambio en el tipo de alimentación y al aumento del sedentarismo. Objetivo. Describir y analizar los principales programas de intervención, basados en la promoción de hábitos saludables (Nutrición y Actividad Física) en la población infantil y las principales estrategias utilizadas para su implantación en los centros educativos españoles. Materiales y métodos. Se ha realizado un estudio transversal descriptivo mediante el empleo de una revisión sistemática de la literatura realizada en el mes de octubre de 2022. La población de estudio fue el alumnado de entre 6 y 12 años escolarizados en centros de Educación Primaria de España. Resultados. Se ha identificado que las intervenciones educativas sobre nutrición y/o actividad física realizadas en los centros educativos, resultan positivas en la mejora de los hábitos de alimentación y la práctica físico-deportiva entre los escolares. Discusión. Además, combinando las temáticas de nutrición y actividad física, se fomenta la consecución de hábitos saludables, con el objetivo de prevenir la obesidad y el sedentarismo. A su vez, fomentando la participación de las familias en los programas de intervención se obtiene un resultado positivo en la efectividad de las intervenciones. Conclusiones. La mayor parte de los programas de intervención analizados demuestran su eficacia a la hora de modificar los hábitos alimentarios, además, se produce un aumento del nivel de actividad física, evitando el sedentarismo entre los escolares, y, por ende, disminuir el riesgo de obesidad(AU)

Introduction: Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century, because children are growing up in an environment where sport is not encouraged. This is due to changes in dietary patterns and an increase in sedentary lifestyles. Objective. Describe and analyze the main intervention programs, based on the promotion of healthy habits (Nutrition and Physical Activity) in the child population and the main strategies used for their implementation in Spanish schools. Material and methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study based on a systematic review of the literature carried out in October 2022. The study population was pupils aged between 6 and 12 years old attending primary schools in Spain. Results. It has been identified that educational interventions on nutrition and/or physical activity carried out in schools are positive in improving eating habits and physical activity among schoolchildren. Discussion. In addition, by combining the topics of nutrition and physical activity, healthy habits are encouraged, with the aim of preventing obesity and sedentary lifestyles. In turn, by encouraging the participation of families in the intervention programmes, a positive result is obtained in the effectiveness of the interventions. Conclusions. Most of the intervention programmes analysed demonstrate their effectiveness in modifying eating habits, as well as increasing the level of physical activity, avoiding sedentary lifestyles among schoolchildren and, therefore, reducing the risk of obesity(AU)

Effectiveness of Nitrate Intake on Recovery from Exercise-Related Fatigue: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Recovery between efforts is critical to achieving optimal physical and sports performance. In this sense, many nutritional supplements that have been proven to improve recovery and physical and physiological performance are widely used. Supplements such as nitrates (NO3-), including organic foods such as beets, promote muscle recovery and relieve fatigue. This study aimed to comprehensively summarise the available literature on the effect of NO3- consumption on exercise-related fatigue and muscle damage. METHODS: A systematic search was carried out based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) using electronic databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science). From a total of 1634 studies identified, 15 studies were included in this review. RESULTS: Based on the review, NO3- intake provokes physiological and metabolic responses that could potentially boost exercise-related recovery. NO3- could improve recovery indicators related to strength, pain, inflammation, and muscle damage. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the relative proven effectiveness of NO3- on recovery after aerobic and anaerobic efforts, based on the heterogeneity of the procedures (e.g., dosage, chronic vs. acute intake, participants' characteristics, variables and outcomes), it could be premature to suggest its extended use in sports.

Analysis of Injuries and Wellness in Blind Athletes during an International Football Competition.

Five-a-side football for blind people is the only adapted football modality present at the Paralympic games. Fa5 is a collaborative-opposition sport in which its participants play with no vision, which causes numerous impacts. At the London 2012 Paralympic Games, it was the sport with the highest incidence of sports injuries. The main objective of this work is to analyse the association between pain perception; spatio-temporal, mechanical, and metabolic workload with injuries; and wellness in players during an international Fa5 competition. The following variables, monitored during an International Fa5 Tournament, were analysed: general well-being, perception of pain and injuries, and the spatio-temporal and metabolic workload. The results show that the incidence of injuries increases as the tournament progresses, where injured players reported greater muscle pain and stress before the matches started. Besides, the players' internal and external load did not explain the incidence of injury. Still, the values obtained in the wellness questionnaire, the perception of pain, and stress suggested they contributed to the incidence of injury.

Influencia del equilibrio en la calidad de vida de las personas con síndrome de Down en edad escolar y adulta: Revisión bibliográfica / Influence of Balance on the Quality of Life of People with Down Syndrome in School and Adult Ages: A Literature Review

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión de la bibliografía, estructurada en torno a la influencia del equilibrio en la calidad de vida de las personas con síndrome de Down en edad escolar y adulta. Para la búsqueda, se introdujo en las bases de datos WOS, Scopus y SPORTDiscus las palabras clave "Down Syndrome", "Balance" y "Quality of life". Para ello, se ha seguido la propuesta de revisión literaria de Gamonales, Muñoz-Jiménez, León & Ibáñez (2018), con cuatro criterios de inclusión: i) Mencionar la influencia del equilibrio en la CDV de las personas con SD (mínimo 20 palabras), ii) Seleccionar exclusivamente artículos científicos, iii) Tener acceso al texto completo o Resumen, y iv) Estar escrito en inglés, portugués o español. Los documentos revisados sobre la influencia del equilibrio en personas con síndrome de Down abordan tópicos de investigación diferentes. De los treinta y siete artículos localizados en la primera búsqueda, siete de ellos cumplen con los criterios de inclusión. Los textos científicos revisados muestran que la práctica de ejercicio físico específico produce mejoras en el equilibrio y en la calidad de vida de las personas con síndrome de Down, lo que permite establecer recomendaciones básicas de actividad física para este colectivo.

Abstract The study aims to conduct a bibliographic and structured review based on the results found around the influence of balance on the quality of life of people with Down Syndrome (DS) in school and adult ages. For references searching, the following keywords were used as descriptors: "Down Syndrome," "Balance," and "Quality of life". The words were always introduced in English and computerized databases; SCOPUS, WOS, and SPORTDiscus were used. Four inclusion criteria were introduced to limit the search: i) mentioning the influence of balance on the QOL of people with DS, ii) taking exclusively into consideration scientific articles, iii) having access to the full text or abstract, and iv) being written in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. In conclusion, the documents about the influence of balance in people with Down Syndrome address different research topics. Of the thirty-four articles located in the first search, seven of them meet the inclusion criteria. The reviewed scientific literature shows that the practice of physical exercise and specific training produce improvements in balance and the quality of life of people with Down syndrome, which allows establishing the recommendation to specifically train balance during physical activity sessions since there is evidence of positive effects for this group.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica, estruturada sobre a influência do equilíbrio na qualidade de vida das pessoas com síndrome de Down na idade escolar e adulta. Para a pesquisa, as palavras-chave "Down Syndrome," "Balance," e " Quality of life " foram introduzidas nas bases de dados WOS, Scopus e SPORTDiscus. Foi seguida a proposta de revisão de literatura de Gamonales, Muñoz-Jiménez, León & Ibáñez (2018), com quatro critérios de inclusão: i) Mencionar a influência do equilíbrio na CDV das pessoas com SD (mínimo 20 palavras), ii) Selecionar exclusivamente artigos científicos, iii) Ter acesso ao texto completo ou resumo, e iiii) Ser escrito em inglês, português ou espanhol. Os artigos analisados sobre a influência do equilíbrio nas pessoas com síndrome de Down abordam diferentes tópicos de pesquisa. Dos trinta e sete artigos localizados na primeira busca, sete deles atendem aos critérios de inclusão. Os textos científicos analisados mostram que a prática de exercício físico específico produz melhorias no equilíbrio e na qualidade de vida das pessoas com síndrome de Down, o que permite estabelecer recomendações básicas de atividade física para este grupo.

Ejercicio físico y terapia nutricional en el tratamiento de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Revisión Sistemática / Physical exercise and nutritional therapy in the treatment of eating disorders

Los Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA) son una enfermedad mental grave, causante de morbilidad física y psicosocial. Esta enfermedad tiene una mayor prevalencia entre mujeres jóvenes, y en población deportista. La terapia cognitiva conductual (TCC) es el tratamiento actual más adecuado para este tipo de trastornos, no obstante, cada vez son más los programas que incluyen pautas de ejercicio físico (EF) y Terapia Nutricional (TN) para el tratamiento de los TCA. Objetivo. Realizar una revisión sistemática exploratoria de la literatura que permita conocer el estado actual de los programas de intervención a través del EF y la TN para el tratamiento de los TCA. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda y recopilación de documentos científicos mediante un modelo de acumulación de datos y selección de estudios, en la que se utilizaron las bases de datos informatizadas SCOPUS, Web of Science, y PubMed. En todas las bases de datos consultadas, se empleó la misma frase de búsqueda. Para acotar los resultados, se introdujeron una serie de criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados. La revisión contó con cinco documentos relacionados con la temática de estudio, que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Conclusión. Las intervenciones con EF y TN para el tratamiento de los TCA suponen una reducción en la severidad de la sintomatología de los pacientes. Estos programas se muestran como una herramienta terapéutica alternativa o complementariaa la terapia convencional. Se requieren más estudios que combinen programas de intervención de EF y TN dirigidos a pacientes con TCA(AU)

Eating Disorders (ED) are a severe mental illness that causes physical and psychosocial problems. This illness has a higher prevalence among young women, and between athletes. cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is the current treatment for this type of disorder. However, more and more programs are including physical exercise (PE) and nutritional therapy (TN) for eating disorders treatment. Objective. To carry out an exploratory systematic review of the literature that allows us to know the current state of intervention programs through physical exercise and nutritional therapy for the treatment of eating disorders. Materials and methods. For the reference search thesame search phrase was used. The terms were entered in English in the following computerized databases: SCOPUS, Web of Science, and PubMed. To limit the search, four inclusion criteria were introduced. Results. The review included five scientific articles related to the study topic, which met the inclusion criteria. Conclusion. Intervention programs for the treatment of eating disorders that include physical exercise and nutritional therapy are shown as an alternative or complementary tool to conventional therapy. These programs involve a reduction in the severity of ED symptoms and an improvement in anthropometric parameters and physical condition. More studies that combine PE and TN programs for people with ED are required(AU)

Influencia del medio de iniciación al entrenamiento en el diseño de tareas en fútbol escolar (sub-12) / Influence of Means of Initiation to Training in the Design of Tasks in Soccer in the School Age (U12)

Resumen Actualmente, los estudios en torno a la organización de los procesos de entrenamiento mediante las tareas se han convertido en una de las líneas emergentes en las ciencias del deporte. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el modo de actuación de un cuerpo técnico de un equipo de fútbol en edad escolar, sub-12, así como conocer la asociación del medio de iniciación al entrenamiento y las variables pedagógicas, de carga externa y organizativas que influyen en el diseño de las tareas. Para ello, se examinó un total de 177 tareas de entrenamiento enmarcadas durante cinco meses competitivos. Con miras a la categorización de dichas tareas, se utilizó la herramienta Sistema Integral para el Análisis de las Tareas de Entrenamiento, con la finalidad de estudiar las variables identificadas por el cuerpo técnico. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y de diferencias entre las variables planteadas en la investigación, con base en el medio de iniciación al entrenamiento. Los resultados demostraron la existencia de asociaciones entre el medio de iniciación al entrenamiento y las variables situación de juego, fase de juego, tipo de contenido, contenido específico (pedagógicas). Estas asociaciones también fueron encontradas en las variables: densidad, número de ejecutantes simultáneos, carga competitiva, espacio de juego e implicación cognitiva (de carga externa), y la variable participación (organizativa). Por tanto, tales resultados evidencian la importancia de conocer las restricciones relacionadas con la carga de trabajo de las tareas de entrenamiento. Además, proporcionan al cuerpo técnico información sobre una herramienta fácil, asequible e informativa para cuantificar la carga de trabajo. Este método debe considerarse como un complemento de los dispositivos inerciales para el entrenamiento del control de la carga y monitoreo en deportes de invasión.

Abstract Currently, studies around the organization of training processes through tasks have become one of the emerging lines in Sports Sciences. Therefore, the present paperwork aimed to analyze the way of acting of a technical body of a soccer team in school age, U12, as well as to know the relationship of the means of initiation to training and the pedagogical, external load, and organizational variables that influence the design of homework. For this, a total of 177 training tasks framed during five competitive months were examined. In order to categorize the tasks, the Comprehensive System for the Analysis of Training Tasks was used to study the variables identified by the technical staff. A descriptive and difference analysis was conducted of the variables proposed in the study with the training initiation medium. The results demonstrated the existence of associations between the training initiation medium and the variables game situation, game phase, content-type, specific content (pedagogical). Associations were also identified/found in the variables density, number of simultaneous performers, competitive load, game space, and cognitive involvement (external load), and the participation variable (organizational). Associations were also found in the variables density, number of simultaneous performers, competitive load, game space, and cognitive involvement (external load), and the participation variable (organizational). Therefore, these results show the importance of knowing the restrictions related to the workload of training tasks. In addition, they provide the technical body with information on an easy, affordable, and informative tool to quantify workload. This method should be considered as a complement to portable devices for training load control and monitoring in invasion sports.

Resumo Atualmente, estudos sobre a organização de processos de treinamento por meio da tarefa de casa, se tornaram uma das linhas emergentes na ciência do esporte. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o modo de atuação de uma equipe técnica de um time de futebol em idade escolar, sub-12, bem como conhecer a associação dos meios de iniciação ao treinamento e as variáveis pedagógica, carga externa e organizacional que influenciam no desenho das tarefas. Para isso, um total de 177 tarefas de treinamento enquadradas durante cinco meses competitivos foram examinados. Com o objetivo de categorizar essas tarefas, a ferramenta utilizada foi o Sistema abrangente para a análise de tarefas de treinamento, a fim de estudar as variáveis identificadas pelo corpo técnico. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva e de diferença entre as variáveis propostas na pesquisa, com base nos meios de iniciação ao treinamento. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de associações entre os meios de iniciação ao treinamento e as variáveis situação do jogo, fase do jogo, tipo de conteúdo, conteúdo específico (pedagógico). Estas associações foram também encontradas nas variáveis densidade, número de artistas simultâneos, carga competitiva, espaço de jogo e envolvimento cognitivo (a partir de carga externa), e a variável participação (organizacional). Portanto, esses resultados mostram a importância de conhecer as restrições relacionadas à carga horária das tarefas de treinamento. Além disso, fornecem à equipe técnica informações sobre uma ferramenta fácil, acessível e informativa para quantificar a carga de trabalho. Este método deve ser considerado um complemento aos dispositivos inerciais para treinamento e monitoramento de controle de carga em esportes de invasão.

Assessment of Body Composition, Lower Limbs Power, and Anaerobic Power of Senior Soccer Players in Portugal: Differences According to the Competitive Level.

BACKGROUND: During a soccer game, the most diversified stimuli occur all the time, the physical condition level plays a determinant role, and there may be variations according to the competitive level. In this sense, the present study aimed to verify differences in body composition, lower limbs power, and anaerobic power, comparing senior soccer players of different competitive levels. METHODS: Participants were 81 players belonging to six soccer teams, aged between 18 and 35 years, with a mean age of 23.14 ± 4.23 years, who were divided into three distinct competitive levels: Elite, Sub-Elite and Non-Elite. The players performed bioimpedance evaluations on a tetrapolarInbody270 scale (body composition), the Countermovement Jump (CMJ) through the ChronoJump (lower limbs power), and Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) (anaerobic power). RESULTS: Based on the competitive level analysis, we verified that the players present body composition values similar to each other regardless of the competitive level in which they play. Concerning the performance evaluations, we verified that the elite players present higher values of highest jump (p = 0.012; d = 0.76, moderate; and p = 0.022; d = 0.71, moderate) and maximum force produced (p = 0.05; d = 0.64, moderate; and p = 0.002; d = 1.00, moderate), together with higher values of anaerobic power (p < 0.001; d = 2.43, very large; and p < 0.001; d = 2.22, very large), compared to the others. CONCLUSIONS: We can thus conclude that there is a homogeneity regarding the body composition of soccer players, regardless of their competitive level; in turn, elite players show better performance indicators in all variables.

Efectos terapéuticos de la hipoterapia para personas mayores: revisión de la literatura / Therapeutic effects of hippotherapy in elderly people: scoping review

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo realizar una revisión bibliográfica y estructurada basada en los resultados encontradosen torno a los términos Hipoterapia y Personas mayores. Para la búsqueda de referencias, se utilizó como descriptores lassiguientes palabras clave en inglés, Hippotherapy y Elderly, siendo estas palabras clave siempre introducidas en las bases dedatos del mismo idioma. Se utilizaron las bases de datos informatizadas SCOPUS, WOS, SPORTDiscus. PubMed y Cochrane. Paralimitar la búsqueda de documentos, se introdujeron cuatro criterios de inclusión: i) Mencionar al menos alguna de las carac-terísticas de la Hipoterapia para personas mayores (mínimo 20 palabras que mencionen la temática), ii) Seleccionar solamentedocumentos científicos (Artículos de revistas), pudiendo tener estos manuscritos un diseño experimental o ser estudio derevisión, iii) Ser accesible y estar disponible a texto completo o con acceso al resumen, y iiii) Estar escrito en el idioma español,inglés o portugués. Los resultados muestran que los documentos sobre Hipoterapia en personas mayores abordan tópicosde investigación diferentes, y muestran que las terapias ecuestres tienen efectos terapéuticos beneficiosos en la poblaciónde edad avanzada. Las intervenciones con Hipoterapia mejoran el equilibrio estático y el equilibrio dinámico, el equilibriopostural, la movilidad funcional, la flexibilidad, la fuerza muscular, el modo de andar y la cadencia de pasos. Disminuyen laespasticidad, provocando una disminución del riesgo de caída y una mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas de edadavanzada. Además, provocan beneficios a nivel psicológico, reduciendo los niveles de estrés y depresión, lo que produce unamejora en la calidad del sueño e influye positivamente en el estado de ánimo.(AU)

The present work aims to carry out a structured and bibliographic review based on the results found regarding the termsHippotherapy and Elderly people. For the reference search, the following keywords in English, Hippotherapy and Elderly, wereused as descriptors, these keywords being always entered in databases of the same language. The computerized databasesSCOPUS, WOS, SPORTDiscus were used. PubMed and Cochrane. To limit the search for documents, four inclusion criteria wereintroduced: i) Mention at least some of the characteristics of Hippotherapy for the elderly (minimum 20 words that mentionthe subject), ii) Select only scientific documents (journal articles) These articles may have an experimental design or be reviewarticles, iii) Be accessible and be available in full text or with access to the abstract, and iiii) Be written in Spanish, English orPortuguese. The results show that the papers on Hippotherapy in the elderly address different research topics and show thatequestrian therapies have beneficial therapeutic effects in the elderly population. Hippotherapy interventions improve staticbalance and dynamic balance, postural balance, functional mobility, flexibility, muscular strength, gait and cadence of steps.They reduce spasticity, causing a decrease in the risk of falls and an improvement in the quality of life of the elderly. In addition,they cause benefits on a psychological level, reducing levels of stress and depression, which produces an improvement in thequality of sleep and positively influences mood.(AU)

Data Mining to Select Relevant Variables Influencing External and Internal Workload of Elite Blind 5-a-Side Soccer.

(1) Background: Data mining has turned essential when exploring a large amount of information in performance analysis in sports. This study aimed to select the most relevant variables influencing the external and internal load in top-elite 5-a-side soccer (Sa5) using a data mining model considering some contextual indicators as match result, body mass index (BMI), scoring rate and age. (2) Methods: A total of 50 top-elite visually impaired soccer players (age 30.86 ± 11.2 years, weight 77.64 ± 9.78 kg, height 178.48 ± 7.9 cm) were monitored using magnetic, angular and rate gyroscope (MARG) sensors during an international Sa5 congested fixture tournament.; (3) Results: Fifteen external and internal load variables were extracted from a total of 49 time-related and peak variables derived from the MARG sensors using a principal component analysis as the most used data mining technique. The principal component analysis (PCA) model explained 80% of total variance using seven principal components. In contrast, the first principal component of the match was defined by jumps, take off by 24.8% of the total variance. Blind players usually performed a higher number of accelerations per min when losing a match. Scoring players execute higher DistanceExplosive and Distance21-24 km/h. And the younger players presented higher HRAVG and AccMax. (4) Conclusions: The influence of some contextual variables on external and internal load during top elite Sa5 official matches should be addressed by coaches, athletes, and medical staff. The PCA seems to be a useful statistical technique to select those relevant variables representing the team's external and internal load. Besides, as a data reduction method, PCA allows administrating individualized training loads considering those relevant variables defining team load behavior.

Strength and Speed Profiles Based on Age and Sex Differences in Young Basketball Players.

Team sports are in continuous evolution, and physical performance is acquiring greater importance in the game. The assessment of physical fitness is the most reliable method for knowing if the athlete's physical fitness is appropriate. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to identify profiles of physical-physiological demands with different specific tests of physical fitness related to the maximum strength of the lower body and speed. Moreover, some differences based on the sex and age of the players were identified. One hundred and forty-nine basketball players were analyzed (men n = 103 vs. women n = 46, weight: 74.74 ± 11.65 kg vs. 56.89 ± 3.71 kg, height: 184.66 ± 11.67 vs. 164 ± 4 and BMI: 21.7 ± 0.83 vs. 21.6 ± 0.90). The players performed an Abalakov test, a multi-jump test, and a repeat sprint ability test. Each player was equipped with a WIMU PRO device, and photoelectric cells were used. A MANOVA was performed to discover the differences between ages, and a t-test was used regarding sex. The results showed significant differences based on age and sex in variables related to time and Player Load/min (p < 0.001). The variables related to steps (contact, step, flight) also showed significant differences as a function of age (p < 0.001) and sex (p < 0.05). The multi-jump test showed differences based on age (p < 0.05 except in between jumps), but not on sex. These results confirm the importance of working together on lower body strength and speed skills. In addition, the planning of the work on these abilities must be individualized and according to the characteristics of the athlete.

Análisis del disfrute de los participantes en evento no competitivo: Gimnastrada de Extremadura / Analysis of the enjoyment of participants in a non-competitive event: Gimnastrada de Extremadura

La sociedad actual vive a un ritmo frenético, la preocupación por la imagen corporal, por la calidad de vida y por los hábitos saludables, conforman nuevos estilos de vida. Múltiples estudios inciden en la necesidad de crear hábitos de vida saludables desde la infancia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue medir, el grado de disfrute al participar en una manifestación deportiva no competitivo como la Gimnastrada de Extremadura, utilizando para ello la Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). Los resultados muestran que el grado de disfrute ha sido positivo y elevado además de confirmar la evolución en cuanto a número de participantes, procedencia y público. Es por ello, que se debe incentivar, apoyar y difundir todas aquellas actividades físicas, deportivas y artísticas que, a nivel escolar, extraescolar y fuera del ámbito educativo se promuevan, para así favorecer y asegurar la práctica posterior que procurará en el individuo un mayor bienestar físico y psicológico y por tanto ser más felices

Nowadays, society operates at a frenetic pace. Concerns about body image, quality of life, and healthy habits are giving rise to new lifestyles and habits. There are currently multiple studies that focus on the need to encourage and adopt healthy habits in early childhood. The aim of this study was to measure the joy that children experienced while participating in non-competitive sport manifestation, such as the Gimnastrada of Extremadura, by using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). The results of this study were incredibly positive, confirming high participant enjoyment, as well as increased engagement and participation in students from diverse nationalities and socioeconomic backgrounds. Given these results, Physical Education should be incentivized both in and outside of the classroom. Professionals must take the lead by encouraging and providing support for the numerous physical, artistic, and sport-related activities that are available both in and outside of school. In this way, we may increase subsequent participation in these activities, which will contribute to greater